The Gospels across their earliest witnesses, and the tradition they carried forward
Hover any Greek or Syriac word for phonetic transliteration.
Six manuscript witness columns span the table; their descent flows into the timeline below.
| Greek Papyri | Alexandrian | Western | Latin | Syriac | Byzantine | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Earliest Papyri c. 125–250 CE · Greek TAGNT | Vaticanus c. 325 CE · Greek TAGNT | Bezae c. 400 CE · Greek Latin | Vulgate c. 400 CE · Latin Whitaker | Peshitta c. 400–450 CE · Syriac PayneSmith | Byzantine c. 5th–9th c. · Greek TAGNT | ||||||||||||
| — | ἰδὼν | Having seen | ϊδων | | | uidens | Videns | Having seen | ܟܕ | Having seen | Ἰδὼν | Having seen | ||||||
| — | δὲ | then | δε | | | autem | autem | then | ܕܝܢ | but | δὲ | then | ||||||
| — | ὁ | the | ο | | | adstabat | — | — | — | — | ὁ | the | ||||||
| — | κεντυρίων | centurion | κεντυριων | | | centurio | centurio | centurion | ܕܝܢ | centurion | κεντυρίων | centurion | ||||||
| — | ὁ | who | ο | | | — | — | — | — | — | ὁ | who | ||||||
| — | παρεστηκὼς | having stood | παρεστηκως | | | qui | qui | having stood | ܩܢܛܪܘܢܐ | having stood | παρεστηκὼς | having stood | ||||||
| — | ἐξ | from | — | | | exclamasse | ex | from | ܗܘ | from | ἐξ | from | ||||||
| — | ἐναντίας | opposite of | — | | | ib | adverso | opposite of | ܕܩܐܡ | opposite of | ἐναντίας | opposite of | ||||||
| — | αὐτοῦ | Him | — | | | it | stabat | Him | ܗܘܐ | Him | αὐτοῦ | Him | ||||||
| — | ὅτι | that | — | | | — | quia | that | ܠܘܬܗ | that | ὅτι | that | ||||||
| — | οὕτως | thus | ουτως | | | sic | sic | thus | ܕܗܟܢܐ | thus | οὕτως | thus | ||||||
| — | κράξας | having cried out | — | | | eum | clamans | having cried out | ܩܥܐ | having cried out | κράξας | having cried out | ||||||
| — | ἐξέπνευσεν, | He breathed His last, | εξεπνευσεν | | | t | expirasset | He breathed His last, | ܘܫܠܡ | He breathed His last, | ἐξέπνευσεν | He breathed His last, | ||||||
| — | εἶπεν· | he said; | — | | | — | ait | he said; | ܐܡܪ | he said; | εἶπεν | he said; | ||||||
| — | ἀληθῶς | Truly | αληθως | | | uere | Vere | Truly | ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ | Truly | Ἀληθῶς | Truly | ||||||
| — | οὗτος | this | ουτος | | | hic | hic | this | ܗܢܐ | this | ὁ | this | ||||||
| — | ὁ | <the> | ο | | | exspirasse | — | — | — | — | ἄνθρωπος | <the> | ||||||
| — | ἄνθρωπος | man | ανθρωπος | | | homo | homo | man | ܓܒܪܐ | man | οὗτος | man | ||||||
| — | υἱὸς | the Son | — | | | filius | Filius | the Son | ܒܪܗ | the Son | υἱὸς | the Son | ||||||
| — | θεοῦ | of God | θυ | | | di | Dei | of God | ܗܘܐ | of God | ἦν | of God | ||||||
| — | ἦν. | was. | ην | | | erat | erat | was. | ܕܐܠܗܐ | was. | θεοῦ | was. | ||||||
| Next Fragment: Luke 1:54 | |||||||||||||||||
| See 65 Earliest Papyri | |||||||||||||||||