The Gospels across their earliest witnesses, and the tradition they carried forward
Hover any Greek or Syriac word for phonetic transliteration.
Six manuscript witness columns span the table; their descent flows into the timeline below.
| Greek Papyri | Alexandrian | Western | Latin | Syriac | Byzantine | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Earliest Papyri c. 125–250 CE · Greek TAGNT | Vaticanus c. 325 CE · Greek TAGNT | Bezae c. 400 CE · Greek Latin | Vulgate c. 400 CE · Latin Whitaker | Peshitta c. 400–450 CE · Syriac PayneSmith | Byzantine c. 5th–9th c. · Greek TAGNT | ||||||||||||
οφεισP77 | Serpents | ὄφεις | Serpents | οφεις | | | serpentes | Serpentes | Serpents | ܚܘܘܬܐ | Serpents | Ὄφεις | Serpents | |||||
γεννηματαP77 | Offspring | γεννήματα | Offspring | γεννηματα | | | generatio | genimina | Offspring | ܝܠܕܐ | Offspring | γεννήματα | Offspring | |||||
εχιδνωνP77 | of vipers! | ἐχιδνῶν, | of vipers! | εχιδνων | | | uiperarum | viperarum | of vipers! | ܕܐܟܕܢܐ | of vipers! | ἐχιδνῶν | of vipers! | |||||
πωσP77 | How | πῶς | How | πως | | | quomodo | quomodo | How | ܐܝܟܢܐ | How | πῶς | How | |||||
φυγητεP77 | shall you escape | φύγητε | shall you escape | — | | | fugietis | fugietis | shall you escape | ܬܥܪܩܘܢ | shall you escape | φύγητε | shall you escape | |||||
αποP77 | from | ἀπὸ | from | απο | | | de | a | from | ܡܢ | from | ἀπὸ | from | |||||
τησP77 | the | τῆς | the | της | | | — | — | — | — | — | τῆς | the | |||||
κρισεωσP77 | sentence | κρίσεως | sentence | κρισεως | | | iudicio | judicio | sentence | ܕܝܢܐ | sentence | κρίσεως | sentence | |||||
τησP77 | <the> | τῆς | <the> | της | | | — | — | — | — | — | τῆς | <the> | |||||
γεεννησP77 | of hell? | γεέννης; | of hell? | γεεννης | | | gehennae | gehennæ | of hell? | ܕܓܗܢܐ | of hell? | γεέννης | of hell? | |||||
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| See 65 Earliest Papyri | |||||||||||||||||