The Gospels across their earliest witnesses, and the tradition they carried forward
Hover any Greek or Syriac word for phonetic transliteration.
Six manuscript witness columns span the table; their descent flows into the timeline below.
| Greek Papyri | Alexandrian | Western | Latin | Syriac | Byzantine | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Earliest Papyri c. 125–250 CE · Greek TAGNT | Vaticanus c. 325 CE · Greek TAGNT | Bezae c. 400 CE · Greek Latin | Vulgate c. 400 CE · Latin Whitaker | Peshitta c. 400–450 CE · Syriac PayneSmith | Byzantine c. 5th–9th c. · Greek TAGNT | ||||||||||||
καιP45 | and | καὶ | and | και | | | et | et | and | ܘܚܪ | and | καὶ | and | |||||
αναβλεψασP45 | having looked up | ἀναβλέψας | having looked up | αναβλεψας | | | aspiciens | suspiciens | having looked up | — | — | ἀναβλέψας | having looked up | |||||
εισP45 | to | εἰς | to | εις | | | in | in | to | ܒܫܡܝܐ | to | εἰς | to | |||||
τονP45 | <the> | τὸν | <the> | τον | | | — | — | — | — | — | τὸν | <the> | |||||
ουρανονP45 | heaven | οὐρανὸν | heaven | ουρανον | | | caelo | cælum | heaven | — | — | οὐρανόν | heaven | |||||
εστεναξενP45 | He sighed deeply | ἐστέναξεν | He sighed deeply | — | | | ingemuit | ingemuit | He sighed deeply | ܘܐܬܬܢܚ | He sighed deeply | ἐστέναξεν | He sighed deeply | |||||
καιP45 | and | καὶ | and | και | | | et | et | and | — | — | καὶ | and | |||||
λεγειP45 | He says | λέγει | He says | λεγει | | | ait | ait | He says | — | — | λέγει | He says | |||||
αυτωιP45 | to him; | αὐτῷ· | to him; | αυτω | | | illi | illi | to him; | ܘܐܡܪ | to him; | αὐτῷ | to him; | |||||
εφφαθαP45 | Ephphatha! | εφφαθα, | Ephphatha! | — | | | effecta | Ephphetha | Ephphatha! | — | — | Ἐφφαθά | Ephphatha! | |||||
οP45 | that | ὅ | that | ο | | | quod | — | — | — | — | ὅ | that | |||||
εστινP45 | is | ἐστιν | is | εστιν | | | est | est | is | — | — | ἐστιν | is | |||||
διανοιχθητιP45 | do be opened | διανοίχθητι. | do be opened | — | | | adaperite | Adaperire | do be opened | ܐܬܦܬܚ | do be opened | Διανοίχθητι | do be opened | |||||
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| See 65 Earliest Papyri | |||||||||||||||||